Study over 180 days: X1 visa; under 180 days: X2. X1 holders must convert to a study residence permit within 30 days of arrival.
Process: first get admitted and obtain the Visa Application Form for Study in China (JW201 or JW202), then apply at an embassy with the admission letter, passport and photo.
X1 documents: admission letter, JW201/JW202 form, passport, photo and (for some nationals) a medical report.
Scholarships: CSC government scholarships, provincial/city scholarships, Confucius Institute scholarships, university grants. Applications usually close around March-April; contact schools early.
Reminder: student work requires school approval and proper procedures; after graduation, converting to a work visa follows a similar path to the Z visa.